Bone marrow transplantation is used clinically to treat many benign or malignant hematological diseases, including acute leukemia, lymphoma, severe aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and a few metabolic or immune-related diseases, among others. The first successful case of bone marrow transplantation was completed by Thomas in 1959, and it has been over sixty years since. With the advancement of time, bone marrow transplantation has also progressed. Thanks to previous research, it can now be more flexibly applied in adjusting chemotherapy regimens and selecting stem cell donors, in line with scientific evidence to assist patients with bone marrow transplantation.